British slang and its classification

BRITISHSLANG AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

PLAN

I.INTRODUCTION

1.1Tasks of the course work

1.2Definition of slang

II.MAINPART

2.1The origin of slang.

2.2Types of slang.

a) Cockney rhyming slang

b)Polari

c)Internetslang

d)Slangof army, police

e)Moneyslang

2.3. Phoneticpeculiarities of slang

2.4. Morphologicalcharacteristics of slang

III.PRACTICALPART

IV.CONCLUSION

V.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Slang is alanguage which takes off its coat,

spits on itshands - and goes to work.

CarlSandburg

I.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Tasks ofthe course work

The understanding of the native speakers 'language is the internationalproblem for our people. Our secondary schools teach the students only the basesof the English language. Our universities do not prepare them to the Britishstreets, accommodations, pubs where people use their own language, the languagethat differs from that of their parents. They use other words-they use slang.None of the most advanced and flexible ways of teaching English of any countrycan catch modern quickly developing English.

Some scholars divide the English language into two different languages:the Standard English language and slang. This fact proves that slang comes tobe a very numerous part of English. Ignorance of slang causes a greatmiscommunication between students and native speakers.

The language of the previous centuries contrasts from the modernlanguage. The life does not freeze in the same position. It always develops.And it makes the language develop too. That is why the present work is devotedto this social phenomenon.

The aim of my course paper is to analyze different approaches to thedefinition of slang, to determine the most important groups of the British slang,to show its lexical, phonetic and morphological peculiarities.

The object of my study is the wealth of English language, ambiguity ofits vocabulary and the most common rules of slang usage in Britain.

The subjects of my research are various points of view on slang, itshistory and types and linguistic characteristics common for the British slang.

Choosing thetopic of my investigation I `m perfectly aware of the fact that slang isunlimited so it is almost impossible to analyze every word of it. I hope tosummarize different points of view on slang and it is my hope that more readersshould discover this interesting layer of the English language. Although thework could hardly cover all the aspects of the phenomenon the task is asexciting as challenging.

To achieve the set aim I determine the following tasks:

1. to search the origin of slang;

2. to study the words 'transition through English vocabulary;

3. to study the problem of the classification of slang;

4. to understand the aim of the modern usage of slang;

5. to distinguish different kinds of slang;

6. to study the ways of slang word-formation;

7. to analyze phonetic peculiarities of slang;

8. to compare the results of the analysis.

1.2 Definitionof slang

Every adultspeaker has a concept of slang - knowing at the least that some words andexpressions transgress generally accepted norms of formality or appropriatenessand in some way do not fit the measure of what "good" language is. Despitesuch recognition by almost all speakers, scholars with formal training inlinguistic analysis have almost ignored slang - though they acknowledge havingthe same intuitions about this type of vocabulary as do all speakers. In truth,most linguists have given no more thought to slang than have people who claimno expertise in language. In the English-speaking world in particular, thedescription of the form and function of slang has been left largely tolexicographers rather than to others who study language for a living.

Webster's "ThirdNew International Dictionary "gives the following definition of the term slang:

1. Languagepeculiar to a particular group as:

a) the specialand often secret vocabulary used by a class (as thieves, beggars) and usuallyfelt to be vulgar or inferior: argot;

b) the jargonused by or associated with a particular trade, profession, or field ofactivity.

2. A non-standard vocabularycomposed of words and senses characterized primary by connotations of extremeinformality and usually a currency not limited to a particular region andcomposed typically of coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped orshortened forms, extravagant, forced or facetious figures of speech, or verbalnovelties usually experiencing quick popularity and relatively rapid declineinto disuse.

The "NewOxford English Dictionary "defines slang as follows:

a) the specialvocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character;language of a low and vulgar type;

b) the cant orjargon of a certain class or period;

c) language ofa highly colloquial type considered as below the level of standard educatedspeech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in somespecial sense. "

As it is seenfrom these quotations slang is represented both as a special vocabulary and asa special language. This causes confusion. If this is a certain lexical layer,than why should it be given the rank of language or a dialect of even a patois,and then it should be characterized not only by its peculiar use of words butalso by phonetic, morphological and syntactical peculiarities.

In general alllinguists agree that slang is nonstandard vocabulary composed of words orsenses characterized primarily by connotations of extreme informality andusually by a currency not limited to a particular region. It is composedtypically of coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped or shortened forms,extravagant, forced, or facetious figures of speech, or verbal novelties. Theyare identified and distinguished by contrasting them to standard literaryvocabulary. They are expressive, mostly ironical words serving to create freshnames for some things that are frequent topics of discourse. [1]

Slang consistsof the words and expressions that have escaped from the cant, jargon and argot(And to a lesser extent from dialectal, nonstandard, and taboo speech) ofspecific subgroups of society so that they are known and used by an appreciablepercentage of the general population, even though the words and expressionsoften retain some associations with the subgroups that originally used andpopularized them. Thus, slang is a middle ground for words and expressions thathave become too popular to be any longer considered as part of the morerestricted categories, but that are not yet (and may never become) acceptableor popular enough to be considered informal or standard. (Compare the slang"Hooker" and the standard "prostitute.")

Slang fills anecessary niche in all languages. It can serve as a bridge or a barrier, eitherhelping both old and new words that have been used as "insiders '"terms by a specific group of people to enter the language of the general publicor, on the other hand, preventing them from doing so. Thus, for many words,slang is a testing ground that finally proves them to be generally useful,appealing, and acceptable enough to become standard or informal. For many otherwords, slang is a testing ground that shows them to be too restricted in use,not as appealing as standard synonyms, or unnecessary, frivolous, faddish, orunacceptable for standard or informal speech. For still a third group of wordsand expressions, slang becomes not a final testing ground that either acceptsor rejects them for general use but becomes a vast limbo, a permanent holdingground, an area of ​​speech that a word never leaves

Slang wordscanno...t be distinguished from other words by sound or meaning. In fact, mostslang words are homonyms of standard words, spelled and pronounced just liketheir standard counterparts, as for example slang words for money such asbeans, brass, dibs, dough, chinc, oof, wards; the slang synonyms for word headare attic, brain-pan, hat peg, nut, upper storey; drunk-boozy, cock-eyed,high, soaked, tight, and pot (marijuana). Of course, these words are alike intheir ordinary standard use and in their slang use. Each word sounds just asappealing or unappealing, dull or colorful in its standard as in its slang use.Also, the meanings of beans and money, head and attic, pot and marijuana arethe same, so it cannot be said that the connotations of slang words are anymore colorful or racy than the meanings of standard words. [2]

All languages,countries, and periods of history have slang. This is true because they allhave had words with varying degrees of social acceptance and popularity.

The samelinguistic processes are used to create and popularize slang as are used tocreate and popularize all other words. That is, all words are created andpopularized in the same general ways; they are labeled slang only according totheir current social acceptance, long after creation and popularization.

To fullyunderstand slang, one must remember that a word's use, popularity, andacceptability can change. Words can change in social level, moving in anydirection. Thus, some standard words of William Shakespeare's day are foundonly in certain modern-day British dialects. Words that are taboo in one era(Eg, stomach, thigh) can become accepted, standard words in a later era. Manyprove either useful enough to become accepted as standard or informal words ortoo faddish for standard use. Blizzard and okay have become standard, while conbobberation("Disturbance") and tomato ("girl") have been discarded.Some words and expressions have a lasting place in slang; for instance, beat it("Go away"), first used in the 16th century, has neither become StandardEnglish nor vanished.

Language isdynamic, and at any given time hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of words andexpressions are in the process of changing from one level to another, ofbecoming more acceptable or less acceptable, of becoming more popular or lesspopular.

Slangis very informal use of words and phrases for more colorful or peculiar styleof expression that is shared by the people in the same social subgroup, forexample, computer slang, sports slang, military slang, musicians 'slang,students 'slang, underworld slang, etc. Slang is not used by the majority ofnative speakers and many people consider it vulgar, though quite a few slangphrases have already come into standard usage. Slang contains many obscene andoffensive words and phrases. It also has many expressions that are acceptablein informal communication. Slang is highly idiomatic. It isflippant, irreverent, indecorous; it may be indecent or obscene. Its colorfulmetaphors are generally directed at respectability, and it is this succinct,sometimes witty, frequently impertinent social criticism that gives slang its characteristic flavor.Slang, then, includes not just words but words used in a special way in acertain social context. The origin of the word slang itself is obscure; itfirst appeared in print around 1800, applied to the speech of disreputable andcriminal classes in London.

Language isthe property of a community of speakers. People rarely speak, or write, withonly themselves as the audience. It should not be surprising then that somecomponents and forms of language are socially motivated. Slang is one kind ofvocabulary that serves the social nature of language. In an important articlein 1978 Bethany Dumas and Jonathan Lighter make the crucial point that slangmust be identified by its social consequences, by the effects its use has onthe relationship between speaker and audience.

Dumas andLighter posit four criteria for identifying a word or phrase as slang. [3]

1. Itspresence will markedly lower, at least for the moment, the dignity of formal orserious speech or writing.

2. Its useimplies the user's familiarity either with the referent or with that lessstatusful or less responsible class of people who have such special familiarityand use the term.

3. It is atabooed term in ordinary discourse with persons of higher social rank orgreater responsibility.

4. It is usedin place of the well-known conventional synonym, especially in order (a) toprotect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or (b) toprotect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration.

They concludethat "when something fits at least two of the criteria, a linguisticallysensitive audience will react to it in a certain way. This reaction, whichcannot be measured, is the ultimate identifying characteristic of trueslang ". In other words, Dumas and Lighter's formulation requires that thetype of lexis called slang be recognized for its power to effect union betweenspeaker and hearer. Whether or not the particulars of their definition arenecessary or sufficient, Dumas and Lighter are right. Slang cannot be definedindependent of its functions and use.

Despite thedifficulties of defining the term, slang does have some consistentcharacteristics. [4] Slang is lexical ratherthan phonological or syntactic, though, in English at least, body language andintonation are often important in signaling that a word or phrase is to beinterpreted as slang. Nor is there a peculiarly slang syntax. Slang expressionsdo not follow idiosyncratic word order, and slang words and phrases typicallyfit into an appropriate grammatical slot in an established syntactic pattern. Furthermore,the productive morphological processes responsible for slang are the same onesresponsible for the general vocabulary, ie, for English, compounding, affixation,shortening, and functional shift.

II. MAIN PART

Slang derivesmuch of its power from the fact that it is clandestine, forbidden or generallydisapproved of. So what happens once it is accepted, even in some casesembraced and promoted by 'mainstream' society? Not long ago the Oxford EnglishDictionary characterized slang as 'low and disreputable'; in the late 1970s thepioneering sociolinguist Michael Halliday used the phrase 'anti-language' inhis study of the speech of criminals and marginals. For him, theirs was aninterestingly 'pathological' form of language. The first description now soundsquaintly outmoded, while the second could be applied to street gangs - today'sposses, massives or sets - and their secret codes. Both, however, involve valuejudgments which are essentially social and not linguistic. Attitudes to the useof language have changed profoundly over the last three decades, and theperceived boundaries between 'standard' and 'unorthodox' are becomingincreasingly 'fuzzy'.

Today, tabloidnewspapers in the UK such as the Sun, the Star and the Sport regularly useslang in headlines and articles, while the quality press use slang sparingly -usually for special effect - but the assumption remains that readers have aworking knowledge of common slang terms.

There has beensurprisingly little criticism of the use of slang (as opposed to the'Swear-words' and supposed grammatical errors which constantly irritate Britishreaders and listeners). The use of slang forms part of what linguists callcode-switching or style-shifting - the mixing of and moving between differentlanguages, dialects or codes. [5]

2.1 The originof slang

Slang was themain reason for the development of prescriptive language in an attempt to slowdown the rate of change in both spoken and written language. Latin and Frenchwere the only two languages ​​that maintained the use of prescriptive language inthe 14th century. It was not until the early 15th cen...tury that scholars beganpushing for a Standard English language.

During theMiddle Ages, certain writers such as Chaucer, William Caxton, and William ofMalmesbury represented the regional differences in pronunciations and dialects.The different dialects and the different pronunciations represented the firstmeaning for the term "slang."

However, ourpresent-day meaning for slang did not begin forming until the 16th or 17thcentury. The English Criminal Cant developed in the 16th century. The EnglishCriminal Cant was a new kind of speech used by criminals and cheats, meaning itdeveloped mostly in saloons and gambling houses. The English Criminal Cant wasat first believed to be foreign, meaning scholars thought that it had eitheroriginated in Romania or had a relationship to French. The English CriminalCant was slow developing. In fact, out of the four million people who spokeEnglish, only about ten thousand spoke the English Criminal Cant. By the end ofthe 16th century this new style of speaking was considered to be a language "withoutreason or order ". During the 18th century schoolmasters taught pupils tobelieve that the English Criminal Cant (which by this time had developed intoslang) was not the correct usage of English and slang was considered to betaboo [6].

Because mostpeople are individuals who desire uniqueness, it stands to reason that slanghas been in existence for as long as language has been in existence.

A slangexpression may suddenly become widely used and as quickly die (23-skiddoo). Itmay become accepted as standard speech, either in its original slang meaning (busfrom omnibus, taxi, piano, phone, pub mob, dandy) or with an altered, possiblytamed meaning (jazz, which originally had sexual connotations). Someexpressions have persisted for centuries as slang (booze for alcoholicbeverage). In the 20th century, mass media and rapid travel have speeded upboth the circulation and the demise of slang terms. Television and novels haveturned criminal cant into slang (five grand for 5000). Changing socialcircumstances may stimulate the spread of slang. Drug-related expressions (suchas pot and marijuana) were virtually a secret jargon in the 1940s; in the 1960sthey were adopted by rebellious youth; and in the 1970s and '80s they werewidely known. But this must be done by those whose mother tongue is English.They and only they, being native speakers of the English language, are itsmasters and lawgivers. It is for them to place slang in its proper category byspecifying its characteristic features.

Many wordsformerly labeled as slang have now become legitimate units of the StandardEnglish. Thus, the word "kid" (= child), which was considered lowslang in the 19 th century, is now a legitimate colloquial unit ofthe English literary language.

It soundsunbelievable but not so long ago the words: of course, to take care, to get up,lunch were considered to be slang. "Lunch" entered the language afterWorld War I is not used in some books that prefer "dinner" to "lunch".

2.2 Types ofslang

Slang userstend to invent many more synonyms or near-synonyms than might be thoughtstrictly necessary: ​​for example, criminals may have a dozen different nicknames(Gat, crone, iron, chrome) for their guns, or for informers (canary, grass,snout, stoolie); drinkers can choose from hundreds of competing descriptions ofa state of intoxication (hammered, hamstered, langered, mullered) [7]

It isconvenient to group slang words according to their place in the vocabularysystem and more precisely in the semantic system of the vocabulary. If theydenote a new and necessary notion they may prove an enrichment of thevocabulary and be accepted into Standard English. If on the other hand theymake just another addition to a cluster of synonyms and have nothing butnovelty to back them, they die out very quickly, constituting the mostchangeable part of the vocabulary.

Another typeof classification suggests subdivision according to the sphere of usage, intogeneral slang and special slang. [8] General slang includeswords that are not specific for any social or professional group, whereasspecial slang is peculiar for some such group: teenager slang, universityslang, public school slang, Air Force slang, football slang, sea slang and soon.

General slangis language that speakers deliberately use to break with the standard languageand to change the level of discourse in the direction of formality. It signalsthe speakers `intention to refuse conventions [9] and their needto be fresh and startling in their expression, to ease social exchanges andinduce friendliness, to reduce excessive seriousness and avoid clichГ©s,in brief, to enrich the language. General slang words have a wide circulationas they are neither group - nor subject - restricted. [10]

You'll hearBrits refer to their currency as quid, much in the same way American dollarsare "bucks" and Canadian money is called "loonies."

If someoneasks to borrow a fag off you, give them a cigarette.

In Britain, akiss is called a snog. If someone is knackered, that means they are exhausted.If someone is referred to as "a minger", that means that they'reunattractive. If someone tells you to "Bugger off!" Well, it issuggested that you go away.

Insteadof "Hi, how are you?" go with the quick and easy British "Alright?"No answer is expected.

Emphasizegreatness. These include "barry," "ace" and "kewl."The latter kind of sounds like "cool" but you'll know the differencein your heart.

Insultothers. Calling someone an "arseface" or a "pilchard" willbe even more the merrier if they have no clue you are insulting them to theirface.

Throwin the emphatic "bloody" a lot. Bloody this, bloody that and bloodyeverything. The British are also known to put it in the middle of words foreven more emphasis, such as "absobloodlylutely."

Describedrunks. Slang is always full of euphemisms for "drunk" in any language.The British versions include "airlocked" and "bevvied up,"as in "full of beverage."

Specialslang is language that speakers use to show their belonging to a group andestablish solidarity or intimacy with the other group members. [11]It is often used by speakers to create their own identity, including aspectssuch as social status and geographical belonging, or even age, education,occupation, lifestyle, and special interests. It is largely used by people of acommon age and experience to strengthen the bonds within their own peer group,keeping the older generation at a distance. [12] It is alsoused by people sharing the same occupation to increase efficiency incommunication; or by those sharing the same living conditions to hide secretinformation from people in authority. It is finally used by people sharing anattitude or a life style to reinforce their group cohesiveness, keepinginsiders together and outsiders out.

Special slangtends to originate in subcultures within a society. Occupational groups (forexample, loggers, police, medical professionals, and computer specialists) areprominent originators of both jargon and slang; other groups creating slanginclude the armed forces, teenagers, racial minorities, citizens-bandradiobroadcasters, sports groups, drug addicts, criminals, and even religiousdenominations. Slang expressions often embody attitudes and values ​​of groupmembers. They may thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may conveyto the listener information about the speaker's background.

While someslang words and phrases are used throughout all of Britain (eg knackered,meaning "exhausted"), others are restricted to smaller regions.

a)Cockneyrhyming slang

CockneyRhyming Slang originated in the East End of London.

Rhyming slang is a form of slang inwhich a word is replaced by a rhyming word, typically the second word of atwo-word phras...e (so stairs becomes "apples and pears"). The secondword is then often dropped entirely ("I'm going up the apples"),meaning that the association of the original word to the rhyming phrase is notobvious to the uninitiated.

RhymingSlang phrases are derived from taking an expression which rhymes with a wordand then using that expression instead of the word. For example the word"Look" rhymes with "butcher's hook". In many cases therhyming word is omitted - so you won't find too many Londoners having a"Bucher's hook", but you might find a few having a"Butcher's".

Therhyming word is not always omitted so Cockney expressions can vary in theirconstruction, and it is simply a matter of convention which version is used.

Inthis list of example Cockney slang for parts of the body, you'll notice thatsome expressions omit the rhyming word but others do not.

English Rhymes with Cockney Feet Plates of meat Plates Teeth Hampstead Heath Hampsteads Legs Scotch eggs Scotches Eyes Mince pies Minces Arms Chalk Farms Chalk Farms Hair Barnet Fair Barnet Head Loaf of bread Loaf Face Boat race Boat race Mouth North and south North and south

Theproliferation of rhyming slang allowed many of its traditional expressions topass into common usage. Some substitutions have become relatively widespread inBritain, for example "scarper", meaning to run away is derived from"Scapa Flow" meaning "to go". "To have abutcher's ", which means to have a look, from" butcher's hook. Forexample "use your loaf" is an everyday phrase for the British, butnot too many people realize it is Cockney Rhyming Slang ("loaf of bread:head "). There are many more examples of this unwitting use of CockneyRhyming Slang. [13]

Televisionhas raised awareness of Cockney Rhyming Slang to far greater heights. ClassicTV shows such as "Steptoe and Son", "Minder","Porridge" and "Only Fools and Horses" have done much tospread the slang throughout Britain and to the rest of the world.

ModernCockney slang that is being developed today tends to only rhyme words with thenames of celebrities or famous people. There are very few new Cockney slangexpressions that do not follow this trend. The only one that has gained muchground recently that bucks this trend is "Wind and Kite" meaning"Web site".

Thisstyle of rhyming has spread through many English-speaking countries, where theoriginal phrases are supplemented by rhymes created to fit local needs.Creation of rhyming slang has become a word game for people of many classes andregions. The term 'Cockney' rhyming slang is generally applied to theseexpansions to indicate the rhyming style; though arguably the term only appliesto phrases used in the East End of London. Similar formations do exist in otherparts of the United Kingdom; for example, in the East Midlands, the localaccent has formed "Derby Road", which rhymes with "cold": aconjunction that would not be possible in any other dialect of the UK.

Examples ofRhyming Slang

b)Polari

Polari (or alternatively Parlare,Parlary, Palare, Palarie, Palari, Parlyaree, from Italian parlare, "totalk ") was a form of cant slang used in Britain by actors, circus orfairground showmen, criminals, prostitutes etc., and latterly by the gay subculture.It was revived in the 1950s and 1960s by its use by camp characters Julian andSandy in the popular BBC radio shows Beyond our Ken and Round the Horne, butits origins can be traced back to at least the 19th century (or, according toat least one source, to the 16th century). There is some debate about how itoriginated. There is a longstanding connection with Punch and Judy street puppetperformers who traditionally used Polari to talk with each other. [14]

Polariis a mixture of Romance (Italian or Mediterranean Lingua Franca), Romany,London slang, backslang, rhyming slang, sailor slang, and thieves 'cant. Laterit expanded to contain words from the Yiddish language of the Jewish subculturewhich settled in the East End of London, the US forces (present in the UKduring World War II) and 1960s drug users. It was a constantly developing formof language, with a small core lexicon of about 20 words (including bona, ajax,eek, cod, naff, lattie, nanti, omi, palone, riah, zhoosh (tjuz), TBH, trade,vada), with over 500 other lesser-known items.

In1990 Morrissey titled an album Bona Drag-Polari for "nice outfit" -and the title of his "Piccadilly Palare" single that same year is analternative spelling of what would be "Piccadilly Polari."

Alsoin 1990, comic book writer Grant Morrison created the character Danny theStreet (based on Danny La Rue), a sentient transvestite street for the comic DoomPatrol. Danny speaks largely in Polari.

The1998 film Velvet Goldmine, which chronicles a fictional retelling of the riseand fall of glam rock, contains a 60s flashback in which a group of charactersconverse in Polari, while their words are humorously subtitled below.

In2002, two books on Polari were published, Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men,and Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (both by Paul Baker).Also in 2002, hip hop artist Juha released an album called Polari, with thechorus of the title song written entirely in the slang.

Word Definition AC/DC a couple ajax nearby (from adjacent?) alamo hot for you/him aunt nell listen, hear aunt nells ears aunt nelly fakes earrings aunt nell danglers earrings barney a fight batts shoes bibi bisexual bijou small/little (means"Jewel" in French) blag pick up blue code word for "homosexual" Bod body

c)Internetslang

Internetslang (Internetlanguage, Internet Short-hand, leet, netspeak or chatspeak) is a type of slangthat Internet users have popularized, and... in many cases, have coined. Suchterms often originate with the purpose of saving keystrokes. Many people usethe same abbreviations in texting and instant messaging, and social networkingwebsites. Acronyms, keyboard symbols and shortened words are often used asmethods of abbreviation in Internet slang.

Insuch cases, new dialects of slang, such as leet or Lolspeak, develop as ingroupmemes rather than time savers. In leet speak, letters may be replaced bycharacters of similar appearance. For this reason, leet is often written asl33t or 1337.

The Internethas transformed the way we manipulate our systems of signs and therelationships between producers and consumers of information. Its effect onslang has two aspects. Firstly, online communication has generated its ownvocabulary of technical terminology, essentially jargon (spam, blogging,phishing) and informal, abbreviated or humorous terms (addy, noob, barkingmoonbat etc.) which qualify as slang. [15] The amount of newcyberslang is fairly small, but the Internet has also allowed the collecting,classifying and promoting of slang from other sources in.

Anothertechnical development - text messaging - has triggered changes in the cultureof communication, especially among young people, and brought with it, liketelegrams, CB-radio or Internet chatrooms, a new form of abbreviated code. Ithas excited some academic linguists but it hasn't, however, contributedanything meaningful to the evolution of slang. [16]

Word or phrase Abbreviation (s) Account acc, acct or acnt Address addy or add And n, an, nd, or & Anticipate ntcp8 Alright aight or ight or aite Are you there? rut or u der At the moment atm As far as I know afaik Back b Be right back brb Be back later bbl Be back soon bbs Because cuz, bcuz,bcz, bcos, bc, cos, coz, cz or bcoz Best friend or Boyfriend bf or b/f Between btwn or b/w By the way btw Cousin cuzin or cuz Definitely def or deffo Does it look like I give a shit? DILLIGAS Don't know dunno Don't worry dw Falling off chair laughing focl Forever 4eva or 4evr or fo eva Girlfriend or GoodFriend gf or g/f Got to go g2g or gtg Great gr8 Have a nice day H.A.N.D. Hold on hld on or h/o Homework hw, hwk or hmwk How are you hru I can't remember icr I know aino I know, right? ikr I love you ily, luv u, ilu, luv ya, i wub u ori <3 u, 143 (I stands for one letter, Love stands for 4 letters, Youstands for 3 letters) Laugh out loud/lots of love lol Laugh out loud (multiple times) lolliesm lulz or lolz Love luv or <3 Love you (see also I love you) ly, <3u No problem np No thank you no tnk u, nty or no ty Oh My God omg or (comically) zomg, romg,womg, omgz Okay k or kk Oh really? orly? parents behind back pbb Peace pc, pce, pece, or / People ppl, peeps Right On! RO Rocking/Rock (metal hands) m/ See you/see you later cya, cu, or cya/cu l8er/l8a/l8r Sorry sry or soz Scare the shit out of my self/Scarethe shit out of yourself stsooms/stsooys Talk to you later ttyl or t2yl Ta-ta for now ttfn Thinking of you TOY What the hell wth What's up sup or zup

d)Slangof army, police.

Military slang is an array of colloquialterminology used commonly by military personnel, including slang which isunique to or originates with the armed forces. [17]

В·TheAndrew/Grey Funnel Ferries - The Royal Navy, named for some important bloke or a Saintor something.

В·Blighty - The UK, the name wastaken from a province in India ...

В·Brag Rags - Medals.

В·Cant-be-arrsed-itis-suffered mainly by thoseon exercise

В·"Chin-strapped"- "Chin-strap" - tired knackered

В·CombatSuit -Jacket, trousers, and possibly hood, cap, etc., Made from DPM material.

В·Doss-bag - Army Issue Barnes-Wallace,Gonk-bag and Green Maggot.

В·Dust - Washing powder.

В·Gat - rifle (also Bunduk, or Bang-Stick)(Mainly used by "Hats").

...В·Green/Bleedsgreen - akeen soldier, probably should watched suspiciously ... from a long way away.

В·NAAFI - "Navy, Army andAir Force Institutes ". Quasi-civilian non-profit retaining such as tea,pies, cakes and sandwiches to the troops within garrisons worldwide. Pronounced'NAFF-ee', it was created in 1921 to run recreational establishments for theArmed forces to sell goods to servicemen and their families. It runs clubs,bars, (EFI), which provides NAAFI facilities in war zones.

В·Puttees - long strips of flannelcloth in shades of khaki, rifle green or black, wrapped tightly at the top ofankle-boots to provide support over rough ground (now CVHQ RA)

В·Sangar - possibly derived fromthe Indian; usually a low wall with side wings built to give cover from fire inareas where digging is difficult or impossible.

В·SkyPilot - The Padre- He's got his head in the clouds talking to his boss.

В·Stripey - Sergeant.

В·Teeny-weenyAirways - TheArmy Air Corps.

В·Warry (or War-y) - aggressive,militaristic; can be an insult.

В·Webbing - cotton for belt as wornby the type of ladies I never get to meet, and several dodgy RM types downUnion St.

Thereare more than a hundred words for "police" in different glossaries ..And this is by no means a unique case. [18]

Names taken from the coloring of police clothes or the coloring of police cars:

blue boy, blue jeans, man-in-the-blue, salt and pepper, black and white, blue and white

A female police officer:

girlie bear, honey bear, lady bear, mama bear, sugar bear, smokey beaver;

A city policeman or rural police:

citty kitty, country Joe, country mounty, little bear, local yokel;

state police:

boogey man, boy scouts, state bears, whatevers; barnies, bear, bearded bubby, big brother, bull, Dudley, do-right, Peter Rabbit;

An unmarked or hidden police car:

brown-paper bag, night crawler, pink panther, slick top, sneaky snake;

A radar unit:

shotgun, electric teeth, gunrunner, Kojak with a Kodak, smoke screen

A police helicopter:

bear in the air, eye in the sky, spy in the sky, tattle tale

There have found new expressions for an already established concept; such expressions that make them appear to be saying one thing while they are really communicating something very different to insiders.

Offences anddescription

В·ABH: Actual bodily harm

В·D & D: Drunk And Disorderly

В·DIP: Drunk In Public

В·GBH: Grievous Bodily Harm

В·TDA: Taking and Driving Away

В·TWOC: Taken Without Owner's Consent

Initialismsdescribing situations

В·ASNT: Area Searched No Trace

В·FATAC: Fatal Road Traffic Accident

В·MFH: Missing From Home

В·NAI: Non-Accidental Injury

В·RTA: Road-Traffic Accident

Miscellaneousinitialisms

В·ARV: Armed Response Vehicle

В·TFU: Tactical Firearms Unit

В·SOCO: Scenes Of Crime Officer;a forensic crime scene examiner

В·VSS: Victim Support Scheme

Miscellaneousabbreviations

В·MISPER: Missing person

В·POLAC: A collision involving apolice vehicle

В·WOFF: Write off; a vehicle orother property deemed a total loss for insurance purposes

В·WINQ: Warrant inquiry

e) Money slang

Whilethe origins of these slang terms are many and various, certainly a lot ofEnglish money slang is rooted in various London communities, which fordifferent reasons liked to use language only known in their own circles,notably wholesale markets, street traders, crime and the underworld, the docks,taxi-cab driving, and the immigrant communities. London has for centuries beenextremely cosmopolitan, both as a travel hub and a place for foreign people tolive and work and start their own businesses. This contributed to thedevelopment of some 'lingua franca' expressions, ie, mixtures of Italian,Greek, Arabic, Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect), Spanish and Englishwhich developed to enable understanding between people of differentnationalities, rather like a pidgin or hybrid English. Certain lingua francablended with 'parlyaree' or 'polari', which is basically underworld slang.

Backslangalso contributes several slang money words. Backslang reverses the phonetic(Sound of the) word, not the spelling, which can produce some strangeinterpretations, and was popular among market traders, butchers andgreengrocers.

Hereare the most common and/or interesting British slang money words andexpressions, with meanings, and origins where known. Many are now obsolete;typically words which relate to pre-decimalisation coins, although some havere-emerged and continue to do so.

Somenon-slang words are included where their origins are particularly interesting,as are some interesting slang money expressions which originated in other partsof the world, and which are now entering the English language. [19]

Hereare some examples of money slang words:

archer = two thousand pounds (ВЈ 2,000),late 20th century, from the Jeffrey Archer court case in which he was allegedto have bribed call-girl Monica Coughlan with this amount.

ayrton senna/ayrton = tenner (ten pounds, ВЈ 10) -cockney rhyming slang created in the 1980s or early 90s, from the name of thepeerless Brazilian world champion Formula One racing driver, Ayrton Senna(1960-94), who won world titles in 1988, 90 and 91, before his tragic death atSan Marino in 1994.

bag/bag of sand = grand = one thousand pounds (ВЈ 1,000),seemingly recent cockney rhyming slang, in use from around the mid-1990s inGreater London; perhaps more widely too.

bar = a pound, from the late 1800s, and earlier asovereign, probably from Romany gypsy 'bauro' meaning heavy or big, and alsoinfluenced by allusion to the iron bars use as trading currency used withAfricans, plus a possible reference to the custom of casting of precious metalin bars.

bender = sixpence (6d) Another slang termwith origins in the 1800s when the coins were actually solid silver, from thepractice of testing authenticity by biting and bending the coin, which wouldbeing made of near-pure silver have been softer than the fakes.

bees (bees and honey) = money. Cockney rhyming slang fromthe late 1800s. Also shortened to beesum (From bees and, bees 'n', to beesum).

big ben - ten pounds (ВЈ 10) the sum,and a ten pound note - cockney rhyming slang.

boodle = money.

bunce = money, usually unexpected gain and extra to anagreed or predicted payment, typically not realised by the payer.

cabbage = money in banknotes,

carpet = three pounds (ВЈ 3) or threehundred pounds (ВЈ 300), or sometimes thirty pounds (ВЈ 30). This hasconfusing and convoluted origins, from as early as the late 1800s: It seemsoriginally to have been a slang term for a three month prison sentence, basedon the following: that 'carpet bag' was cockney rhyming slang for a 'drag',which was generally used to describe a three month sentence; also that in theprison workshops it supposedly took ninety days to produce a certainregulation-size piece of carpet; and there is also a belief that prisoners usedto be awarded the luxury of a piece of carpet for their cell after three year'sincarceration. The term has since the early 1900s been used by bookmakers andhorse-racing, where carpet refers to odds of three-to-one, and in car dealing,where it refers to an amount of ВЈ 300.

chip = a shilling (1/-) and earlier, mid-late 1800s apound or a sovereign. According to Cassells chip meaning ...a shilling is fromhorse-racing and betting. The association with a gambling chip is logical. Chipand chipping also have more general associations with money and particularlymoney-related crime, where the derivations become blurred with other underworldmeanings of chip relating to sex and women (perhaps from the French 'chipie'meaning a vivacious woman) and narcotics (in which chip refers to diluting orskimming from a consignment, as in chipping off a small piece - of the drug orthe profit).

clod = a penny (1d). Clod was also used for other oldcopper coins. From cockney rhyming slang clodhopper (= copper).

coal = a penny (1d). Also referred to money generally,from the late 1600s, when the slang was based simply on a metaphor of coalbeing an essential commodity for life. The spelling cole was also used.

cock and hen = ten pounds. The ten pound meaningof cock and hen is 20th century rhyming slang. Cock and hen - also cockerel andhen - has carried the rhyming slang meaning for the number ten for longer. Itstransfer to ten pounds logically grew more popular through the inflationary1900s as the ten pound amount and banknote became more common currency inpeople's wages and wallets, and therefore language. Cock and hen also gaveraise to the variations cockeren, cockeren and hen, hen, and the naturalrhyming slang short version, cock - all meaning ten pounds.

commodore = fifteen pounds (ВЈ 15). Theorigin is almost certainly London, and the clever and amusing derivationreflects the wit of Londoners: Cockney rhyming slang for five pounds is a'Lady', (from Lady Godiva = fiver); fifteen pounds is three-times five pounds(3x ВЈ 5 = ВЈ 15); 'Three Times a Lady' is a song recorded by the groupThe Commodores; and there you have it: Three Times a Lady = fifteen pounds = acommodore. (Thanks Simon Ladd, Jun 2007)

cows = a pound, 1930s, from the rhyming slang 'cow'slicker '= nicker (nicker means a pound). The word cows means a single poundsince technically the word is cow's, from cow's licker.

deep sea diver = fiver (ВЈ 5), heard in use Oxfordshirelate 1990s, this is rhyming slang dating from the 1940s.

dosh = slang for a reasonable amount of spending money,for instance enough for a 'night-out'. Almost certainly and logically derivedfrom the slang 'doss-house', meaning a very cheap hostel or room, fromElizabethan England when 'doss' was a straw bed, from 'dossel' meaning bundleof straw, in turn from the French 'dossier' meaning bundle.

dough = money. From the cockney rhymingslang and metaphoric use of 'bread'.

dunop/doonup = pound, backslang from themid-1800s, in which the slang is created from a reversal of the word sound,rather than the spelling, hence the loose correlation to the source word.

flag = five pound note (ВЈ 5), UK, notably inManchester.The word flag has been used since the 1500s as a slang expressionfor various types of money, and more recently for certain notes. Originally(16th-19thC) the slang word flag was used for an English fourpenny groat coin,derived possibly from Middle Low German word 'Vleger' meaning a coin worth'More than a Bremer groat' (Cassells).

flim/flimsy = five pounds (ВЈ 5), early1900s, so called because of the thin and flimsy paper on which five pound notesof the time were printed.

folding/folding stuff/folding money/folding green = banknotes, especially todifferentiate or emphasise an amount of money as would be impractical to carryor pay in coins, typically for a night out or to settle a bill. Folding,folding stuff and folding money are all popular slang in London.

foont/funt = a pound (ВЈ 1), from themid-1900s, derived from the German word 'pfund' for the UK pound.

french/french loaf = four pounds, most likely from thesecond half of the 1900s, cockney rhyming slang for rofe (french loaf = rofe),which is backslang for four, also meaning four pounds. Easy when you know how ..

garden/garden gate = eight pounds (ВЈ 8), cockneyrhyming slang for eight, naturally extended to eight pounds. In spoken use 'agarden 'is eight pounds. Incidentally garden gate is also rhyming slang formagistrate, and the plural garden gates is rhyming slang for rates. The wordgarden features strongly in London, in famous place names such as HattonGarden, the diamond quarter in the central City of London, and Covent Garden,the site of the old vegetable market in West London, and also the term appearsin sexual euphemisms, such as 'sitting in the garden with the gate unlocked',which refers to a careless pregnancy.

generalise/generalize = a shilling (1/-), from the mid1800s, thought to be backslang. Also meant to lend a shilling, apparently usedby the middle classes, presumably to avoid embarrassment. Given that backslangis based on phonetic word sound not spelling, the conversion of shilling togeneralize is just about understandable, if somewhat tenuous, and in theabsence of other explanation is the only known possible derivation of this oddslang.

gen net/net gen = ten shillings (1/-), backslangfrom the 1800s (from 'ten gen').

grand = a thousand pounds (ВЈ 1,000 or, 000) Not pluralised in full form. Shortened to 'G' (usually plural formalso) or less commonly 'G's'. Originated in the USA in the 1920s, logically anassociation with the literal meaning - full or large.

greens = money, usually old-style greencoloured pound notes, but actully applying to all money or cash-earnings sincethe slang derives from the cockney rhyming slang: 'greengages' (= wages).

2.3 Phoneticpeculiarities of slang

While manyslang words introduce new concepts, some of the most effective slang providesnew expressions - fresh, satirical, shocking - for established concepts, oftenvery respectable ones. Sound is sometimes used as a basis for this type ofslang, as, for example, in various phonetic distortions (eg, pig Latinterms). It is also used in rhyming slang, which employs a fortunate combinationof both sound and imagery. Thus, gloves are "turtledoves" (the glovedhands suggesting a pair of billing doves), a girl is a "twist andtwirl "(the movement suggesting a girl walking), and an insultingimitation of flatus, produced by blowing air between the tip of the protrudedtongue and the upper lip, is the "raspberry," cut back from"Raspberry tart." Most slang, however, depends upon incongruity ofimagery, conveyed by the lively connotations of a novel term applied to anestablished concept. Slang is not all of equal quality, a considerable body ofit reflecting a simple need to find new terms for common ones, such as thehands, feet, head, and other parts of the body. Food, drink, and sex alsoinvolve extensive slang vocabulary. Strained or synthetically invented slanglacks verve, as can be seen in the desperate efforts of some sportswriters toavoid mentioning the word baseball - eg, a batter does not hit a baseball butrather "swats the horsehide," "plasters the pill,""Hefts the old apple over the fence," and so on. [20]

If we try tocharacterize rhyming slang in particular, we can find such phonetic features:

1.Monophthongization

This affectsthe lexical set mouth vowel. Wells believes that it is widely agreed that the"Mouth" vowel is a "touchstone for distinguishing between"True Cockney" and popular London "and other more standardaccents. Cockney usage would include monophthongization of the word.

Example:

mouth = maufrather than mouth

2. Glottalstop

Wellsdescribes the glottal stop as also particularly characteristic of Cockney andca...n be manifested in different ways such as "t" glottalling in finalposition. A 1970s study of schoolchildren living in the East End found/p, t, k /"Almost invariably glottalized" in final position.

Examples:

cat = up = sock=

It can alsomanifest itself as a bare as the realization of word internal intervocalic/t/

Examples:

Waterloo =Waerloo City = Ciy A drink of water = A drin 'a wa'er A little bit of breadwith a bit of butter on it = A li'le bi 'of breab wiv a bi' of bu'er on i '.

As would beexpected, a Cockney speaker uses fewer glottal stops for t or d than a"London" speaker. However, there are some words where the omission oft has become very accepted.

Examples:

Gatwick = Gawick

Scotland =Sco'land

statement =Sta'emen

network = Nework

3. Dropped hat beginning of words (Voiceless glottal fricative)

In theworking-class ("common") accents throughout England, h dropping at thebeginning of certain words is heard often, but it `s certainly heard more inCockney, and in accents closer to Cockney. The usage is strongly stigmatized byteachers and many other standard speakers.

Examples:

house = `ouse

hammer = `ammer

4. TH fronting

Another very wellknown characteristic of Cockney is th fronting which involves the replacementof the dental fricatives, and by labiodentals [f] and [v] respectively.

Examples:

thin = fin

brother =bruvver

three = free

bath = barf

5. Vowellowering

Examples:

dinner = dinna

marrow = marra

6. Prosody

The voicequality of Cockney has been described as typically involving "chesttone "rather than" head tone "and being equated with" roughand harsh "sounds versus the velvety smoothness of the Kensington orMayfair accents spoken by those in other more upscale areas of London.

7. Rhyme

CockneyEnglish is also characterized by its own special vocabulary and usage in theform of "cockney rhyming slang". The way it works is that you take apair of associated words where the second word rhymes with the word you intendto say, then use the first word of the associated pair to indicate the word youoriginally intended to say. Some rhymes have been in use for years and are verywell recognized, if not used, among speakers of other accents.

Examples:

"applesand pears "-stairs

"platesof meat "-feet

There areothers, however, that become established with the changing culture.

Example:

"JohnCleese "- cheese

"JohnMajor "- pager

2.4Morphological characteristics of slang

Slang comes to be a very numerouspart of the English language. It is considered to be one of the mainrepresentatives of the nation itself. The birth of new words results from theorder of the modern society. Slang arises due to our propensity for replacingold denominations by expressive ones. And yet the growing popularity of everynew creation prevents it from remaining fresh and impressive. What was felt asstrikingly witty yesterday becomes dull and stale today, since everybody knowsit and uses it. So how do the slang words come to life? There are several waysof slang words formation:

1. Variousfigures of speech participate in slang formation.

For example: upperstorey-head(Metaphor)

skirt-girl(Metonymy)

killing-astonishing(Hyperbole)

some-excellentor bad (understatement)

clear as mud(Irony)

Slang items usually arise by the samemeans in which new words enter the general vocabulary.

2. The slangword can appear thanks to the recycling of the words and parts of words, whichare already in the language.

Expressionsmay take form as metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech (dead as adoornail). Some slang formation follow the rules of Standard English. F.e.,slang behaves regularly in the forming of denominal adjectives by-ysuffixation (eg cbordy-moody, cbord-a bad mood, gobby-mouthy, slanggob-mouth) and deverbal adjectives by - able suffixation (shaggable-slang toshag-to fornicate). It uses the suffix-ette to denote female sex as inpunkette (a female punk). It uses the verbal prefix de-to convey a sense ofremoval or deprivation to the base as in de-bag-to remove trousers. [21]

Words mayacquire new meanings (cool, cat). A narrow meaning may become generalized (fink,originally a strikebreaker, later a betrayer or disappointer) or vice-versa (heap,a run-down car). Most affixation tend to belong to extragrammatical morphology,though they exhibit a certain regularity and stability.

Slang has someproductive suffixes which are either novel (eg. -o/oo,-eroo,-ers) or useddifferently from Standard English. The slang suffix-o means either `` a stupidunintelligent person `` (dumbo, thicko) or a person with a particular habbit orcharacteristic (eg. Saddo, sicko). This suffix seems to be productive in themaking of forms of address (kiddo, yobbo)

A cumulationof the suffix - er with -o/oo produces-eroo in slang as in smackeroo, meaningthe same as smacker but with a more light - hearted slant.

Anotherprofilic slang cumulation is-ers as in some pair nouns (cobblers, conkers, knackers),plural nouns (choppers-teeth, trousers) and uncountable nouns (ackers-money,uppers-amphetamine). The slang suffix-ers often occurs after abbreviation asin bathers (bathing costumes), brekkers (breakfast), taters (potatoes).

The suffix-slost its inflectional meaning in slang and conveys new meaning to the base:afters-dessert, flicks-cinema, messages-groceries.

The use of -ed is also noteworthy in slang. It is added to noun to obtain adjectives:boxed, brained, hammered, ratted. -Er in slang gives unpredictable sense as inbelter-excellent thing or event, bottler-person who easily gives up.

3. Compoundingmakes one word from two. Initial and final combination have intensifyingfunction: butt naked-fully naked, butt ugly-completely ugly; earache-atalkative person, faceache - a miserable looking person, airhead-someone out oftouch with reality, homeboy-a person from the same hometown

Infixes areunknown in standard English being a peculiarity of slang. Bloody, fucking areused to provide information about speaker `s attitude (as in abso-bloody-lutely,or in fan-fuckin `-tastic).

Conversion isanomalous in slang in case of adjective-noun as in high-pleasantly intoxicatedstate, massive-a group of people. [22]

4. In slang,frequently used words are likely to be abbreviated. For example: OTL-out tolunch-out of touch with reality. VJ-video jock-an announcer for televised musicvideos

Words may beclipped, or abbreviated (mike, microphone), and acronyms may gain currency (VIP,awol, snafu).

5. A currentlyproductive process is the addition of a particle like OUT, OFF or ON to a noun,adjective or verb, to form a phrasal verb.

For example: blimpout-to overeat

blow off-toignore

hit on-to makesexual overtures to

6. Unlike thegeneral vocabulary of the language, English slang has not borrowed heavily fromforeign languages, although it does borrow from dialects, especially from suchethnic or special interest groups which make an impact on the dominant culture.

7. Sometimesnew words are just invented. shenanigans-tricks, pranks

So we can seethat slang depart from what is generally regarded as grammatical or predictableand is likely to pioneer original word-formation processes which pave the wayfor further morphological process.

III.PRACTICALPART

1.Translatethe sentences from Fnglish. [23]

a) Sarah: heywhy is Jimmy in the background of our prom picture?

Ryan: irk, hemust have photobombed it at the last second.

b) I couldn'tget a word in edgewise. She kept talking to me about her shoes, purse, and h...owher best friend just got dumped. I am a word receptacle.

c) Everymorning Sherwin swings by our area to say hi and pulls a management by driveby.

d) Tiger: "Ihave to run to Zales to get a Kobe Special. "

Friend:"What's that?"

Tiger: "Ahouse on a finger. "

e) "Danwon't answer your calls. He's in airplane mode. "

f) "Sarahwent into airplane mode for three days after Charlie dumped her. "

g) Man, when Iget back to work I'll have to start going to the gym again-I've put on someserious holiday pounds

2.Findslang words in the part of `` Roaring Girl `` [24]

Prologus

A playexpected long makes the audience look

For wonders,that each scene should be a book,

Compos'd toall perfection; each one comes

And brings aplay in's head with him: up he sums

What he wouldof a roaring girl have writ;

If that hefinds not here, he mews at it.

Only weentreat you think our scene

Cannot speakhigh, the subject being but mean:

A roaring girlwhose notes till now never were

Shall fillwith laughter our vast theatre;

That's allwhich I dare promise: tragic passion,

And such gravestuff, is this day out of fashion.

I seeattention sets wide ope her gates

Of hearing,and with covetous list'ning waits,

To know whatgirl this roaring girl should be,

For of thattribe are many. One is she

That roars atmidnight in deep tavern bowls,

That beats thewatch, and constables controls;

Another roarsi 'th' daytime, swears, stabs, gives braves,

Yet sells hersoul to the lust of fools and slaves.

Both these aresuburb roarers. Then there's beside

A civil cityroaring girl, whose pride,

Feasting, andriding, shakes her husband's state,

And leaves himroaring through an iron grate.

None of theseroaring girls is ours: she flies

With wingsmore lofty. Thus her character lies;

Yet what needcharacters, when to give a guess

Is better thanthe person to express?

But would youknow who 'tis? Would you hear her name?

She is call'dmad Moll; her life, our acts proclaim.

Enter MaryFitzallard disguised like a sempster with a case for bands, and Neatfoot aserving-man with her, with a napkin on his shoulder and a trencher in his handas from table.

NEATFOOT

Theyoung gentleman our young master, Sir Alexander's son, is it into his ears,sweet damsel emblem of fragility, you desire to have a message transported, orto be transcendent?

MARY

Aprivate word or two, sir, nothing else.

NEATFOOT

Youshall fructify in that which you come for: your pleasure shall be satisfied toyour full contentation. I will, fairest tree of generation, watch when ouryoung master is erected, that is to say, up, and deliver him to this your mostwhite hand.

MARY

Thanks,sir.

NEATFOOT

Andwithal certify him that I have culled out for him, now his belly isreplenished, a daintier bit or modicum than any lay upon his trencher atdinner. Hath he notion of your name, I beseech your chastity?

MARY

One,sir, of whom he bespake falling bands.

NEATFOOT

Fallingbands: it shall so be given him. If you please to venture your modesty in thehall amongst a curl-pated company of rude serving-men, and take such as theycan set before you, you shall be most seriously and ingeniously welcome.

MARY

Ihave [dined] indeed already, sir.

NEATFOOT

Orwill you vouchsafe to kiss the lip of a cup of rich Orleans in the butteryamongst our waiting-women?

MARY

Notnow in truth, sir.

NEATFOOT

Ouryoung master shall then have a feeling of your being here; presently it shallso be given him.

MARY

Ihumbly thank you, sir.

3.Do thetest [25]

1. action (1)

If you'reinterested in American politics, the action is

a.in London

b.in Washington

c.in Tokyo

2. axe | ax (1)

The companyhad to axe Georgio because he

a.worked too hard

b.always cameearly

c.made too manymistakes

3. beat it

If somebodytells you to "Beat it!", they're telling you to

a.hit something

b.defeatsomething

c.go away

4. blast (2)

The managerblasted his secretary for

a.forgettingto give him a message

b.writing anexcellent letter

c.doingsuch a good job

5. crap (2)

Shane saidthat the website we showed him was crap. He thinks it's

a.a pretty goodwebsite

b.a really badwebsite

c.a veryinteresting website

6. bent

The company'saccountant was bent. For a long time he'd been

a.making simplemistakes

b.stealing thecompany's money

c.working toohard

7. busted

Glen has to goto court on Friday. He was busted last week for

a.growing his ownvegetables

b.growing his ownmarijuana

c.brewing his ownbeer

8. can (2)

If you don'twant to do time in the can, make sure you don't

a.know the law

b.obey the law

c.break the law

9. con

She met lots of men on the internetand conned quite a few into

a.chatting withher online

b.telling herabout their lives

c.sending hermoney

10. cop

A cop's job isto

a.protectinnocent people

b.shoot badpeople

c.arrest goodpeople

11. app

If you want tofind some killer apps, you should go to

a.a softwarewebsite

b.the city zoo

c.a high-securityprison

12. blog

If you want tosee some blogs, you should

a.go walking in ajungle

b.go to anaquarium

c.go online

13. egosurf

If you'd liketo go egosurfing, you'll need

a.a surfboard

b.a surf report

c.an Internetconnection

14. flame

Cathy wasflamed in an online forum. Someone said she was

a.sexy

b.funny

c.stupid

15. geek

If you want tomeet a lot of geeks, you should go to

a.a baseball game

b.a softwareconvention

c.a jazz festival

16. acid

If someonetakes a tab of acid, they will probably

...

a.be arrested forstealing chemicals

b.see things thataren't real

c.go to sleep

17. alky | alkie | alchy

Gillian thinksher husband's an alkie because he

a.gets drunkevery day

b.haswine with his dinner most nights

c.drinksbeer with his mates some nights

18. blow (2)

If someonesays, "Hey, you wanna score some blow?" they're trying to sell yousome

a.Pornography

b.Marijuana

c.cocaine

19. booze

The guys werelooking for more booze, and Ted yelled "Yes!" when he found a bottleof

a.cough mixture

b.methylatedspirits

c.Scotch whisky

20. busted

Glen has to goto court on Friday. He was busted last week for

a.growing his ownvegetables

b.growing his ownmarijuana

c.brewing his ownbeer

21. ace (1)

Louis is anace driver on the Formula One circuit, so he's

a.verygood at driving golf balls

b.highlyskilled at racing fast cars

c.anaverage Formula One driver

22. awesome

Francine saidthe most awesome thing she did on her holiday was

a.read aninteresting book

b.buy someclothes

c.goskydiving for the first time

23. dork

A young personwho is called a dork is probably

a.good at sports

b.notgood at relating to people

c.cleverat maths and science

24. dweeb

The kids callMark a dweeb because he's

a.cleverbut he doesn't say much

b.stupid andaggressive

c.good-lookingand smart

25. gnarly

When my kidssay something is gnarly, it means they think it's

a.extremely good

b.extremely bad

c.either of theabove

4.Translatethe dialogue in Standard English

David: Ithought this was supposed to be a big bash!

Bob: Oh, itwill be. Stephanie said it `s gonna be huge. We `re just early, that` s all. So,what do ya think of her house?

David: Thisplace `s really cool. Stephanie `s old man must be loaded. Hey, look! There `sthat Donna chick. Man, can she strut her stuff! Don `t ya think she` s a turn on?

Bob: No way!Have you lost it? She may have a great bod, but as for her face, we `re talkin`butt ugly. Get real! Come on, let `s go scarf out on some chow before it` s gone.

David: What isthis stuff?

Bob: Beats me.Looks like something beige. Just go for it.

David: Yuck!Make me heave! Hey, dude ... this party `s a drag. I dunno about you, but I'mmakin `a bee line for the door. I `m history!

IV.CONCLUSION

According tothe British lexicographer, Eric Partridge (1894-1979), people use slang for anyof at least 17 reasons:

1)Insheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years;'Just for the fun of the thing'; in playfulness or waggishness.

2)As anexercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humour. (The motive behind this isusually self-display or snobbishness, emulation or responsiveness, delight invirtuosity).

3)To be'Different', to be novel.

4)To bepicturesque (either positively or - as in the wish to avoid insipidity -negatively).

5)To be unmistakablyarresting, even startling.

6)Toescape from clichГ©s, or to be brief and concise. (Actuated by impatiencewith existing terms.)

7)Toenrich the language. (This deliberateness is rare save among the well-educated,Cockneys forming the most notable exception; it is literary rather thanspontaneous.)

8)Tolend an air of solidity, concreteness, to the abstract; of earthiness to theidealistic; of immediacy and appositeness to the remote. (In the cultured theeffort is usually premeditated, while in the uncultured it is almost alwaysunconscious when it is not rather subconscious.)

9)Tolesson the sting of, or on the other hand to give additional point to, arefusal, a rejection, a recantation;

10)Toreduce, perhaps also to disperse, the solemnity, the pomposity, the excessiveseriousness of a conversation (or of a piece of writing);

11)Tosoften the tragedy, to lighten or to 'prettify' the inevitability of death ormadness, or to mask the ugliness or the pity of profound turpitude (egtreachery, ingratitude); and/or thus to enable the speaker or his auditor orboth to endure, to 'carry on'.

12)Tospeak or write down to an inferior, or to amuse a superior public; or merely tobe on a colloquial level with either one's audience or one's subject matter.

13)Forease of social intercourse. (Not to be confused or merged with the preceding.)

14)Toinduce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or a durable kind.

15)Toshow that one belongs to a certain school, trade, or profession, artistic orintellectual set, or social class; in brief, to be 'in the swim' or toestablish contact.

16)Hence,to show or prove that someone is not 'in the swim'.

17)To besecret - not understood by those around one. (Children, students, lovers,members of political secret societies, and criminals in or out of prison,innocent persons in prison, are the chief exponents.)

So to returnto that question: what becomes of slang? Firstly, the general 'flattening out'of a hierarchical society and the relaxation of linguistic prejudices mean thatslang may come to be seen not as something inherently substandard, but as anoption among many available linguistic styles. At the same time there mustalways be a set of words and phrases which is beyond the reach of mostspeakers, that is always 'deviant', 'transgressive' and opaque. This slang mustrenew itself, not just in implied contrast with 'standard' Introduction language,but with earlier versions of itself. So new slang words will continue tosprout, to metamorphose, to wither and disappear or else to spread and fertilizethe common ground of language. [26] This process may now bemore visible and familiar, the crossover phenomenon may happen much faster(Given the complicity of the media), and the shock value of the termsthemselves may be lessened (the invention and use of slang does risk becominglocked into familiarity and clichГ©, like the tired gestures of rock,rap, conceptual art and fashion), but it is very unlikely ever to stop.

V.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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4. Раєвська Н.М.. Теоретичнаграматика сучасної англійської мови.: Для студентів факультетівромано-германської філології університетів і педагогічних інститутівіноземних мов (англійською мовою).-К.: Вища школа, 1976. - 383с.

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