Theministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the republic ofUzbekistan
«Thecomparative typology of English, Russian and Uzbek languages ​​»
Gulistan2007
Introduction
A silence would be a lonely world. To listen, to answer, to shareour thought and ideas through speech and hearing this is one of the mostexciting ports of being human.
It is no doubt true that students grow toward maturity andindependence of thought as they progress through the grades; but this growth isnot as a rule a sharp and sudden one, nor does the psychology of the studentsundergo any great change during the various levels of the fundamentalprinciples that underlie the work of the University remain the same from yearto year. The need in every level is to bring about academic growth by providingnear and broader experiences.
While working at school found out how difficult for the studentsof the secondary school, definite the national groups, to learn English,because there are no prepositions in Uzbek, but in English we have. If we talkabout gender we have, of course some similarities. And when, I tried them toexplain some examples in comparison they learned those words better than Ithought.
Thus, the goal of the research is to investigate grammar of theEnglish language in comparison with the Uzbek, to investigate phonetics, incomparison English with Uzbek.
The enabling objectives are as follows:
To review literature of comparative languages ​​(English and Uzbek)in order to make theoretically we-motivated discussions on the choice ofcomparison.
To analyze the parts of speech of the English language and the Uzbeklanguage.
The novelty is that this work contains the comparative analyses ofthe English grammar, phonetics and construction of the sentence. The studentmade her own investigation finding many examples of comparison not only in English,and in Uzbek.
Materials and literature which she used were «The comparativetypology of English and Turkic languages ​​», the lectures on« Comparativetypology »and« Theory of phonetics »by A. Abduazizov.
The qualification work consists of several parts where she openedand analyzed the theme.
1. Main part
1.1 Comparative typology of English and Uzbek
The word typology consists of two Greek morphemes: a) typos meanstype and b) logos means science or word. Typology is a branch of science whichis typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect theirtypological method is not limited with the sphere of one science. It has auniversal rise. So typology may be divided into:
1.Non-linguistic and
2.Linguistic typology
Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciencesexcept linguistics.
Linguistic typology is a new branch of general linguistic whichstudies the systems of languages ​​comparatively, also finds common laws oflanguages ​​and establishes differences and similarities between them.
Typological classification of languages.
In linguistics we may come across many terms as to theterminological nature of linguistic typology.
The are: 1. Comparative methods, 2. Comparative - historicalmethod, 3. Comparative (or contrastive) linguistics, 4. Comparative typology,5. Comparative grammar, 6. Connotation grammar, 7. Descriptive - comparativelinguistics and on the terms used in Russian and Uzbek are not exact either.They are: порівняльна граматика, сопоставительная граматика, порівняльно-історичне мовознавство, контрастивної лінгвістики, порівняльна типологія in Russian and Т›іесійтипологія, Т›іесій Таріха тілшунослік, Т›іесій граматика, Т›іесійтілшунослік and so on in Uzbek.
Classification of linguistic typology.
According to the notion of comparison of linguistics phenomenonand the aim directed on we may classify linguistic typology into the followingparts a) genetic of genealogical typology, b) structural typology, c) arealtypology and d) comparative typology.
Genealogical typology is a branch of linguistic typology whichstudies the similarities and the relationship between the related languages. Itis applicated to the systems of genetically related languages. Genealogicaltypology developed from the comparative - historical linguistics dominatedduring the 19 th century in Europe. It's origin was stimulated by thediscovery of Sanskrit, the ancient classical language of India. The discoveryof Sanskrit disclosed the possibility of a comparative study of languages. Theconcept of relative languages ​​was confirmed by the existence in India of asister of the familiar languages ​​of Europe e.g. Sanskrit «mata» means «mother»,in the accuse case «matarum»
Dvau-two
Trayah - three
As ti-he is etc.
Before the discovery of Sanskrit European linguistics possessedvery vague similarities for the current grammars built on the Greek model. Theydidn't set clearly the features of each languages. It is worth to mention thatat the same time Sanskrit discovery gave rise to confuse notions of linguisticrelation which lived for a brief time that European languages ​​were derived fromSanskrit. But this opinion gave way to a correct explanation, namely Sanskrit,Latin, Greek, and other were later forms of one prehistorically language.
Comparatives gave two kinds of classification of languages ​​-genealogical and morphological.
Genealogical classification deals with the family relationship oflanguages ​​which descend from one common ancestor. It distributes languages ​​intodifferent families.
Morphological classification deals with the classification oflanguages ​​according to their structural features instead of a genealogicalorigin.
According to the morphological classification the languages ​​aredivided into:
Isolating (Chinese;Vietnamese; Japan; etc.)
Analytic (Russian;English; German; etc.)
Agglutinative (Turkishlanguages) and other.
Genetic Typology compares the systems of languages ​​in two ways:diachronically and synchronically. But in the second case genetic relationshipis not taken into consideration.
Structural linguistic typology can be understood as asystematization of linguistic phenomenon from different languages ​​according totheir specific structural features.
Structural typology research makes it possible to establish sometraits are universal, unique, and special .
Language Universals.
The notion of language universals is closely connected with theprocess of unification of linguistic facts with a process of establishingcommon features between the systems of different languages.
With the process of generalization of linguistic phenomenon theinvestigations or language universals began at the end of 1950s. The main eventin this field is the international conference held in April, 1961 in New-York.
At this conference a report called В«MemorandumВ» concerning thelanguage universals was presented by the American linguists J. Greenburg, Ch.Ostgood and J. Genkings. In the former Soviet Union B.A. Uspensky published hismonographic research В«Структурна типологія мовиВ» (1965).
In 1966 there appeared J. Greenberg's book В«Language universalswith special references to feature hierarchies. В»
These works were followed by a number of other research workspublished as articles and special volumes.
According to the «Memorandum» languages ​​universals are by theirnature summary statements about characteristics or tendencies shared by allhuman speakers. As such they constitute the most general laws of science oflinguistics.
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