МІНІСТЕРСТВООСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ УКРАЇНИ
КИЇВСЬКИЙПОЛІТЕХНІЧНІЙ ІНСТИТУТ
Факультетлінгвістікі
КафедраТеорії, практики та перекладуанглійської мови
Реферат
зпорівняльної лексікології английского та української мов
натему:
" Methods of Lexicological Analysis "
Виконала
студентка ІІІкурсом ФО
Київ
2008
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION3
І. Methods of Lexicological Analysis5
І.1. Contrastive Analysis5
І.2. Statistical Methods of Analysis7
І.3. Immediate Constituents Analysis9
І.4. Distributional Analysis andCo-occurrence 10
І.5. Transformational Analysis13
І.6. Componential Analysis14
І.7. Method of Semantic Differential16
І.8. Contextual Analysis18
CONCLUSION19
LITERATURE20
APPENDIX І
APPENDIX ІІ
INTRODUCTION
Growinginterest in methods of study is one of the most symptomatic features ofpresent-day linguistics.
The researchmethods used in lexicology have always been closely connected with the generaltrends in linguistics. The principles of comparative linguistics have playedan important role in the development of a scientific approach to historicalword study. They have brought an enormous increase in ordered and classifiedinformation about the English vocabulary in their proper perspective. Themethods applied consisted in observation of speech, mostly written, collectionand classification of data, hypotheses, and systematic statements. Particularstress was put on the refinement of methods for collecting and classifyingfacts. The study of vocabulary became scientific.
19th centuryscientific language study having recognized variety and change in language,comparative philology insisted on regarding the descriptive statements assubordinate, not worth making for their own sake. Its aim was to reconstructthe fundamental forms and meanings which have not come down to us. With the useof sets of phonetic correspondence philologists explored and proved geneticrelationships between words in different languages. They rejected prescriptivetrends characteristic of the previous stage. It was realized that the onlybasis for correctness is the usage of the native speakers of each language.They destroyed the myth of a Golden Age when all the words had their primary"Correct" meaning and when the language was in a state of perfectionfrom which it has deteriorated. It became clear from intensive work on thegreat historical dictionaries that multiple meaning for words is normal, not an"Exception". Comparative studies showed that, save for specifictechnical terms, there are no two words in two languages ​​that cover preciselythe same area.
The process ofscientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages:
В·Observation
В·Classification
В·Generalization
Due to theseprocesses the certain classification of the methods of lexicological analysishas appeared.
Nowadays scientistsdistinguish:
В·Contrastive analysis
В·Statisticalmethods of analysis
В·Imme-diateConstituents analysis
В·Distributionalanalysis and co-occurrence
В·Transformationalanalysis
В·Componentialanalysis
В·Method ofsemantic differential
В·Contextualanalysis
The detaileddescription of these methods will be shown further.
I.METHODS OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
I.1.Contrastive Analysis
In factcontrastive analysis grew as the result of the practical demands of languageteaching methodology where it was empirically shown that the errors which aremade recurrently by foreign language students can be often traced back to thedifferences in structure between the target language and the language of thelearner. This naturally implies the necessity of a detailed comparison of thestructure of a native and a target language which has been named contrastiveanalysis.
It should beborne in mind that though objective reality exists outside human beings andirrespective of the language they speak every language classifies reality inits own way by means of vocabulary units. In English, the word foot is used to denote theextremity of the leg. In Ukrainian there is no exact equivalent for foot. Theword denotes the whole leg including the foot.
Classificationof the real world around us provided by the vocabulary units of our mothertongue is learned and assimilated together with our first language. Because weare used to the way in which our own language structures experience we areoften inclined to think of this as the only natural way of handling thingswhereas in fact it is highly-arbitary.
One example isprovided by the words watch and clock. It would seem natural for Ukrainianspeakers to have a single word to refer to all devices that tell us what timeit is; yet in English they are divided into two semantic classes depending onwhether or not they are customarily portable. We also find it natural thatkinship terms should reflect the difference between male and female: brother orsister, father or mother, uncle or aunt, yet in English we fail to make thisdistinction in the case of cousin (the Ukrainian - двоюрідній брат, двоюрідна сестра).
Contrastiveanalysis also brings to light what can be labelled problem pairs, the wordsthat denote two entities in one language and correspond to two different wordsin another language.
Compare, forexample годинник in Ukrainian and clock, watch inEnglish, художник in Ukrainian and artist, painter in English.
Contrastiveanalysis on the level of the grammatical meaning reveals that correlated wordsin different languages ​​may differ in the grammatical component of theirmeaning.
To take asimple instance Ukrainians are liable to say the news are good, the money areon the table, her hair are black, as the words новини, гроші, волосся have the grammatical meaning ofplurality in the Ukrainian language.
Contrastiveanalysis brings to light the essence of what is usually described as idiomaticEnglish, idiomatic Ukrainian the peculiar way in which every language combines and structures inlexical units various concepts to denote extra-linguistic reality.
For example, atypical Ukrainian word-group used to describe the way somebody performs anaction, or the state in which a person finds himself, has the structure thatmay be represented by the formula adverb followed by a finite form of a verb(Or a verb + an adverb), ВІН кріпко спить, ВІН Швидко/Повільно/засвоює.In English we can also use structurally similar word-groups and say he smokes alot, he learns slowly (fast). The structure of idiomatic English word-groupshowever is different. The formula of this word-group can be represented as anadjective + deverbal noun, he is a heavy smoker, a poor learner, "The Englishmanis a slow starter but there is no stronger finisher "(Galsworthy). AnotherEnglish word-group used in similar cases has the structure verb to be + adjective+ The infinitive, (He) is quick to realize, (He) is slow-to cool down, which ispractically non-existent in the Ukrainian language. Commonly used English wordsof the type (he is) an early-riser, a music-lover, have no counterparts in the Ukrainianlanguage and as a rule correspond to phrases of the type (ВІН) paнo встає, (ВІН) Дуже любити музику.
Last but notleast contrastive analysis deals with the meaning and use of situational verbalunits, words, word-groups, sentences which are commonly used by nativespeakers in certain situations.
For instancewhen we answer a telephone call and hear somebody asking for a person whosename we have never hear...
