Theme:Linguistic А spects of Black English.
Contents
Introduction:........................................................................... 3
Chapter I.Historical Review of Black English .................................... 8
1. The Originof Black English ..................................................... 8
2. Developmentof Pidgin and Creole ............................................ 12
Chapter II.Development of the US Black English ............................ 17
1. Differencesof Black English and Standard English,
BritishEnglish and British Black English ....................................... 17
2. AfricanAmerican Vernacular English and its use in teaching process ... 24
Chapter III.Linguistic Aspects of Black English ............................... 32
1. Phoneticpeculiarities ........................................................... 32
2. Grammarpeculiarities .......................................................... 36
3. Lexicalpeculiarities ............................................................. 49
Conclusion:........................................................................ 54
Bibliography:...................................................................... 56
Introduction.
Topicality.
The topic ofBlack English is very actual in terms of sociolinguistics and languageinteraction development, in racial relations and ethnic cultures. Throughunderstanding Linguistic Aspects of Black English we can observe peculiaritiesof language development and culture of people.
Aim.
The aim ofthis work is to research the linguistic aspects of Black English language.
Objectives ofthe paper are:
- to analyzethe origin of Black English.
- to analyzethe development of Pidgin and Creole.
- to considerdifferences between Black English, Standard English,
British English,and British Black English.
- to investigatethe African American Vernacular English and its use in
teachingprocess.
- to researchthe phonetic peculiarities of B.E.
- toinvestigate the grammar peculiarities of B.E.
- to considerthe lexical peculiarities of B.E.
Black Englishis a social dialect of American English, originated and formed as a result oflanguage interaction in the process of historical development.
Thetopic of the diploma work is to study Black English as a sociolect of Americanvariant of English language, analyze its linguistics aspects, especially phonetic,grammatic, lexical formed in the process of historical development. Thehistoric development and linguistics characteristics make up the core contentof work. Black English is the communicative and social system, originallycreated at the intersection of three dimensions - social class, ethnic andterritorial
BlackEnglish is a term going back to 1969. It is used almost exclusively as the namefor a dialect of American English spoken by many black Americans.
BlackEnglish is a variety of English, spoken in America and it is the subject ofmany controversies, the problem being that of whether considering it alanguage, a dialect or simply a slang talk. This language variety, also known aEbonics, is nearly as old as Standard American English, but it has often beenmisinterpreted as defective, it has never been standardized and has always hadlower status compared to Standard American English.
Fromthe 1960's to the present, African American English has increasingly becomealso acceptable term for Black English, and the corresponding official namefor the language variety used by Africans Americans is thus African AmericanEnglish or African American Vernacular English (AAVE). (15,65)
BlackEnglish Vernacular (BEV) as coined by William Labov in 1972 defines the varietyAmerican English spoken by Black People. Its pronunciation is in some respectscommon to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americansin the United States and by many non-African American.
Ebonicsis a recent and controversial neologism, coined by Robert L. Williams during a1973 conference in St. Louis, Missouri, "cognitive and Language Development ofthe Black Child ". It is a blend of ebony (a synonym for black that lacks itspejorative connotations) and phonics (pertaining to speech sounds) and bydefinition it refers specifically to an African-language-based Creole (from anearlier pidgin) that has been relexified by borrowing from English, resultingin what African Americans now speak in the United States. (34,54)
BlackEnglish is complex, controversial, and only partly understood. Records of theearly speech forms are sparse. It is unclear, how much influence black speechhas had on the pronunciation of southern whites; according to some linguists,generation of close contact resulted in the families of the slaves ownerspicking up some of the speech habits of their servants, which graduallydeveloped into the distinctive southern 'drawl'. Slave labor in the south gavebirth to diverse linguistic norms; former indentured servants from all parts ofthe British Isles, who often became overseers on plantations, variouslyinfluenced the foundation of Black English. First the industrial revolutionthen the Civil War disrupted slavery and promoted African-American migrationwithin the US, sa result of which slave dialects were transplanted fromSouthern plantation to the factories of the North and Midwest. There was awidespread exodus to the industrial cities of the northern states, and blackculture became known throughout the country for its music and dance.
Manyhistorical events have had an effect on Black English. One of this was theearly use of English-based pidgins and creoles among slave populations, as almostall Africans originally were brought to the United States as slaves. Pidgin isa variety of a language which developed for some practical purpose, such astrading, among groups of people who did not know each other's language. Creoleis a pidgin which has become the first language of a social community. (17,124)
BlackEnglish was investigated in the USA by D. Crystal ("The Cambridge Encyclopediaof Language "," English Language "), by C. Baugh and T.Cable ("History of the EnglishLanguage "), in Russia by R.V. Reznic, T.S. Sookina, ("A History of The EnglishLanguage "), by A.D. Schweitzer ("The Social Differentiation of English in TheUSA. "), In Kazakhstan by FSDuisebayeva (" Linguistics Aspects of BlackEnglish ") but there are no monographic research of BE in our country. (12,8,9,13,1,10)
Theoreticalbase of research are comprised by the works of D.Crystal, C.Baugh and T.Cable,A.D.Schweitzer, F.S. Duisebayeva and etc.
Theoreticalsignificance.
Theinvestigation of Black English Language and its linguistic aspects contributefor a further development of sociolinguistics theory, American studies etc.
The practicalsignificance.
This materialcan be used as teaching manual in the process of teaching English Language, Lexicology,History of the English language, Area studies.
Methods ofresearch.
The followingmethods are used in the paper: comparative, descriptive, analytical.
The structureof work.
The diplomawork consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
Theintroduction covers topicality, aim, objectives, and theoretical base ofresearch, theoretical significance, the practical significance, and methods ofresearch and the structure of work.
Chapter I. Developmentof Black English presents historical review of Black English, analyses of theorigin of Black English, the development of Pidgin and Creole.
Chapter II.Development o...
