MINISTRYOF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION
OFTHE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
GULISTANSTATE UNIVERSITY
TheEnglish and Literature Department
Qualificationwork on speciality English philology
onthe theme:
"ComparativeAnalysis of the Compound Words "
Supervisor:___________
Gulistan2008
I.Introduction
1.1Theme actuality
After theIndependence was proclaimed the Republic was faced with the necessity ofcreating new legislation corresponding with new realities, with the conditionsof Independence and the Parliament coped with this task, there have beenadopted new Laws and new Resolutions
For the firsttime in the history of our country, there adopted "The Law of the Republic ofUzbekistan on Education "and" The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on theNational Programme of Personnel Training System ". The main objective of allreforms in the field of economic policy is the individual. Therefore the taskof education, the task of rising up a new generation capable of national renaissancewill remain the prerogative of the state and constitute a priority. At presentgreat importance is attached to the study and teaching of foreign language. Inour recent past, in most cases the Russian language but not the mother tongueserved as mediator in the study of foreign languages. That is why in particularuntil the present, English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English Dictionaries had not beenavailable.
That's why itis necessary to learn and compare English, German and Uzbek lexicology, grammarand phonetics.
2. The main goal of thework is to study, compare and analyze the compound words of Uzbek, Englishand German, to classify the compounds according to morphological and lexicalpoint of view.
3. The scientificdecision of set aims and purposes will maintain the easiest way for betterlearning and understanding Uzbek, English and German.
4. The scientific noveltyof the work . As we know, there aren't enough manuals which compared theUzbek and the English languages. The novelty of the work is that in the workone can find new approaches of comparing and classifying the compounds.
5 . The practical value
Work can beuseful for all who interested in English. At the university information whichtaken from the work can be used as a ready - materials at the lectures ofLexicology, Stylistics, Comparative Typology.
6. Literatureoverview
Basicinformation of the qualification work is given from the manuals, articles,researches of great scholars such as: by I.V. Arnold A Course in modern EnglishLexicology by R.S. Ginzburg, The English Word and others. The information whichis taken from Internet sites, World Book Encyclopedia and many otherdictionaries also served as a source of information.
7. Thestructure of the work
Work consistsof Introduction, Main part, Conclusion and the list of used literatures.
Compound wordsare words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as freeforms. In a compound word the immediate constituents obtain integrity andstructural cohesion that make them function in a sentence as a separate lexicalunit.
The structuralcohesion and integrity of a compound may depend upon unity of stress, solid orhyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntacticfunctioning or, more often, upon the combined effect of several of these orsimilar phonetic, graphic, semantic, morphological or syntactic factors.
The integrityof a compound is manifested in its indivisibility, ie the impossibility ofinserting another word or word group between its elements. If, for example,speaking about a "sunbeam" (English) кСћкйСћтал we can insert some other word between the article andthe article and the noun, e.g. a bright sunbeam, a bright and unexpectedsunbeam, because the article a is a separate word, no such insertion ispossible between the stems sun & beam Т›ора & кСћл, for they are not words butmorphemes.
In describingthe structure of a compound one should examine three types of relations, namelythe relation of the members to each other the relation of the whole to itsmembers, and correlation with equivalent free phrases.
Some compoundsare made up ofa determiningand a determined part, which may be called the determinant and me determinategroup. Thus, a blackboard, томорТ›а is very different from a blackboard, тому орТ›а (сіда). Its essential feature isbeing a teaching aid в†’ ховлі атрофіда Екін екіладіган Майдон в†’: not every board of a black color isa blackboard.
A blackboardmay be not a board at all but a piece of linoleum or some other suitablematerial. Its color is not necessarily black: it may be brown or somethingelse. Thus, blackboard в†’ a board which is black. A chatterbox - оташТ›алб is not a box, it is aperson who talks a great deal without saying anything important: thecombination is used only figuratively. The same metaphorical character isobserved in the compound slowcoach хомсеміз. It is also idiomatic as it does not name a vehicle buta person who acts and thinks slowly. A fuss - pot is a person easily excitedand nervous about trifles. Thus for the original motivation of the idiomaticcompound could be easily recreated. The following examples illustrate idiomaticcompounds where it is not so obvious: "blackleg", "strike breaker", "blackmail"getting money or some other profit from a person by threats bluestocking "awoman affecting literary tastes and learning "
The analysisof the semantic relationship existing between the constituents of a compoundpresents many difficulties. Some authors have attempted a purely logicalinterpretation distinguishing copulative, existential, spatial and otherconnections. This scheme, however, failed to show the linguistic essence ofcompounds and was cumbersome and artificial.
A mistakecommon with many authors is treating semantic connections within compounds interms of syntactic relations. Marchand, For instance, when analyzing the typehouse - keeping, backbiting, housewarming, book - keeping, sightseeing, etc.Writes: "In most cases the first word is the object. A subject/predicaterelation underlies earth quaking, cock - crowing, cock - fighting, sun burning.... The first word is the predicate compliment in well - being and short -coming. "
N. G. Gutermanvery convincingly showed that such syntactic treatment should be avoidedbecause syntactic ties are ties between words, whereas in dealing withcompounds one studies relations within a word, the relations between themorphemes, its significant constituents. These two series of relations belongto different levels of abstraction and should not be mixed. In the compoundspacecraft space - is not an attribute to - craft. It cannot possess syntacticfunctions, being not a word but a stem, So it is more convenient to consider ita determinant restricting the meaning of the determinate by expressing thepurpose for which - craft - is designed or the medium in which it will travel.Surely, one could combine these two points of view using a more careful.Wording, and formulate it as follows: phrases correlated with compounds bymeans of transformational analysis may show objective, subject/predicate,attributive and adverbial relations. E.g. house - keeping: to keep house, well- Being: to be well. In the majority of cases compounds manifest somerestrictive relationship between the constituents; types of restrictions showgreat variety.
Some examplesof determinative compound nouns with restrictive qualitative relations aregiven below.
The list isnot meant to be exhaustive and serves only to illustrate...
